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Mayof,女,大三,catti三级备考中,比较文学考研备考中
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Glimmersoflight
曙光乍现
英文部分选自经济学人Financeandeconomics版块
Emergingmarkets
新兴市场
Glimmersoflight
曙光乍现
Theircurrencieshavebottomedout,butthreatstogrowthremain
新兴市场国家货币已触底反弹,而经济增长的不确定因素尚存
AfterduskmenfromLeaLea,avillageinPapuaNewGuinea,wadeintotheCoralSeatospearfishsleepingneartheseabed.Theirtorchestwinkleinthedarkness.Buttheyareeasytomissagainsttheriotofilluminationfroma$19bnliquefiednaturalgasplant.BuiltbyExxonMobil,itstoresnaturalgasfromthecountry’shighlands,whichispipedtotankersattheendofajettyoverakilometreinlength.
黄昏过后,巴布亚新几内亚莱亚莱亚村的男人们就会精神百倍地冲向珊瑚海,用鱼叉打捞沉睡在海床附近的鱼。如果不是旁边那座造价亿美元的液化天然气厂通明的灯火干扰,你或许还能看到他们在黑夜里不断摇曳的手电筒光柱。这座液化天然气厂由埃克森美孚公司建造,储存着来自巴布亚新几内亚高原地区的天然气,这些天然气将通过一条超过一公里长的管线输送到码头终点的油轮上。
WhentheplantwasopenedinApril,theoilpricewaswellover$andgaswassimilarlyvaluable.Energypriceshavesinceplummeted,butPapuaNewGuinea’scurrency,thekina,hasbeenallowedtofallonlygradually.Itsstrengthhashurtthecountry’sotherexports,includingcoffee,tourismandfish.Andbecauseforeignexchangeisunderpriced,thecentralbankhasbeenforcedtolimititsavailability.AdeclineinPapuaNewGuinea’scurrencywould,then,beareliefformany.
该厂于年4月投产,当时的油价远超美元,天然气价格也一样高企。然而自那以后,能源价格就一路暴跌,但巴布亚新几内亚的货币基那只被允许渐进式贬值。基那的相对强势伤害了巴布亚新几内亚的其他出口产业,包括咖啡业、旅游业和渔业。而且由于外汇价值被低估,央行不得不限制外汇的可得性。巴布亚新几内亚货币只要一贬值,就能立刻让很多人长舒一口气。
Thatsetsthecountryapartfrommanydevelopingcountries,includingseveralrepresentedattheAsia-PacificEconomicCo-operation(apec)summitinPortMoresby,thecountry’scapital,lastweek.Theircurrencieshavealreadyfallenquiteenoughthisyear,thankyou.Russia’sroublehasdeclinedbyover20%fromitshighestpointoftheyeartoitslowest.Otherapeccurrencieshavealsosuffered,includingChile’s(whichdeclinedbyover15%fromitspeaktoitstrough),Mexico’s(over13%),andIndonesia’s(over12%).
这使得巴布亚新几内亚有别于许多其他发展中国家,包括参加上周在该国首都莫尔斯比港召开的APEC峰会的若干国度。这些国家本年度内的货币贬值幅度就已足够惊人。俄罗斯卢布今年最高点到最低点的跌幅超过20%。其他APEC组织成员国的货币也在动荡之中,智利的货币从高峰到低谷下跌超过15%、墨西哥的货币下跌超过13%,印度尼西亚的货币下跌超过12%。
AtthegatheringMalaysia’sprimeminister,MahathirMohamad,recalledthespeechhegaveatthesamesummit20yearsago.Backthen,amidAsia’sfinancialcrisisandRussia’sdefault,emergingmarketswere“thrownintoutterdisarraybycurrencyspeculators[who]werelaughingallthewaytothebank”,hesaid.Butthisyearspeculatorshavenothadthingsalltheirownway.
在这次APEC峰会上,马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德回忆起了20年前他在出席这一会议时的发言。在当时那个受亚洲金融危机和俄罗斯债务违约双重困扰的年代,他放言“新兴市场是被一群货币投机者搞成一团糟的,这些人借此大发横财。”,但今年投机客们并不能像从前一样为所欲为了。
Fewofthebigemergingmarketsstillofferforeign-exchangetradersanythingresemblingaone-waybet.The“extremecurrencymisalignments”thatprevailedatthestartoftheyearhavenowbeenlargelycorrected,accordingtotheInstituteofInternationalFinance(iif),athink-tank.Better-alignedcurrencieshavealsobeguntoworktheirmagicontradeimbalances.Turkey’sexportswere22%higherthisSeptemberthanlast.Itscurrent-accountbalancecouldturntosurplusbytheendof,accordingtotheiif.InArgentina,meanwhile,fallingimportshelpedthecountrypostatradesurplusinSeptember.
如今几乎没有大型新兴市场国家会给外汇交易者提供任何类似于单向押注的机会。如智库IIF(国际金融研究所)所言,年初猖獗的“极端汇率失调”现象现在已得到大幅度纠正。捆绑性更好的货币也已开始在纠正贸易失衡上发挥效力。土耳其九月份的出口规模相较于去年增加了22%。IIF预测,该国经常账户到年年底可以转向盈余。再加上阿根廷进口规模的下降一并使其在9月份实现了贸易顺差。
Indeed,manyoftheemerging-marketcurrenciesthatsufferedmostinthesummerhavestagedpartialrebounds—enjoyingasnigger,ifnotquitealaugh,atspeculators’expense.Turkey’slirabottomedoutinAugustandhassincegainedover25%.ThecurrenciesofArgentina,Brazil,RussiaandSouthAfricahitbottomthefollowingmonthandhaveclimbedsubstantiallysince.ThoseofIndiaandIndonesiafelllesssharplyandbottomedoutlessquickly.Buteventheyhaveekedoutgainsagainstthedollarinrecentweeks(seechart).
实际上,许多在今夏遭受重创的新兴市场货币都出现了一定程度的升值,虽然不到令人开怀大笑的程度,也足以惹人窃喜了,虽然这些快乐建立在那些投机者的损失之上。土耳其货币“里拉”在八月份触底,如今价值回升已超过25%。阿根廷、巴西、俄罗斯以及南非货币紧接着于九月下跌触底,此后也大幅回升。印度与印度尼西亚的货币触底速度相对较为缓慢,但最近几周它们对美元的汇率亦有所爬升(如图表所示)。
FloatingcurrenciescanchangedirectionasquicklyasthefishintheCoralSea.Othermacroeconomicforcesturnmoreslowly.InTurkeyandArgentina,inflationandgrowtharestillheadinginanunwel